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Abstract
Increased circulation, hormones, and energy metabolism due to exercise are thought to have a positive effect on nerve growth and development. This study aims to examine the effect of addition of sports games on IQ score, TSH, and BDNF levels of elementary school children in IDD endemic areas. This research method was a quasi-pretest-posttest control group design experiment. As many as 40 children aged 9 -11 years were divided into 19 children as controls, and 21 children doing sports games for 30 minutes per day, five times a week for eight weeks. Serum TSH and BDNF levels were measured using ELISA and IQ score using Culture Fear Intelligence Test (CFIT) method. Statistical analysis used was T-test, Wilcoxon, and Mann-Whitney test. The mean of serum TSH levels and IQ scores of the treatment group were not significantly different from those of the control group (p>0.05). The mean of BDNF levels in both groups increased significantly, and the increase in BDNF levels in the treatment group was greater than in the control group (p<0.05). It can be concluded that the addition of sports games did not significantly change TSH levels and IQ scores (p>0.05), but significantly increase BDNF levels (p<0.05).
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How to Cite
Noor, Z., Safira, I., & Darmawati, I. (2023). Sports Games towards Intelligence and Nerve Development of Children in Iodine Deficiency Endemic Area. Basic and Applied Nursing Research Journal, 4(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.11594/banrj.04.01.01
References
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18. Shafiee, S. M., Vafaei, A. A., & Rashidy-Pour, A. (2016). Effects of maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy on learning, memory and hippocampal BDNF in rat pups: Beneficial effects of exercise. Neuroscience, 329, 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.048
19. Park, S.-H., & Song, M. (2016). Effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on spatial learning ability in hypothyroid rats: a pilot study. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(12), 3489–3492. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.3489
20. Ergür, A. T., Taner, Y., Ata, E., Melek, E., Bakar, E. E., & Sancak, T. (2012). Neurocognitive functions in children and adolescents with subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol, 4(1), 21–24. https://doi.org/10.4274/Jcrpe.497
21. Kwak, S.-E., Lee, J.-H., Zhang, D., & Song, W. (2018). Angiogenesis: focusing on the effects of exercise in aging and cancer. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem, 22(3), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.20463/jenb.2018.0020
22. Bloor, C. M. (2005). Angiogenesis during exercise and training. Angiogenesis, 8(3), 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-005-9013-x
23. Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Kulon Progo. (2007). Profl Kesehatan Kabupaten Kulon Progo Tahun 2007. BPS Kabupaten kulonprogo, 2023. Dinkes Kulonprogo.
24. Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Demografi Kabupaten Kulon Progo.
25. Calaciura, F., Motta, R. M., Miscio, G., Fichera, G., Leonardi, D., Carta, A., Trischitta, V., Tassi, V., Sava, L., & Vigneri, R. (2002). Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Early Childhood: A Frequent Outcome of Transient Neonatal Hyperthyrotropinemia. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87(7), 3209–3214. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.7.8662
26. Pearce, M. S., Deary, I. J., Young, A. H., & Parker, L. (2005). Growth in early life and childhood IQ at age 11 years: the Newcastle Thousand Families Study. Int J Epidemiol, 34(3), 673–677. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi038
27. Gallizzi, R., Crisafulli, C., Aversa, T., Salzano, G., De Luca, F., Valenzise, M., & Zirilli, G. (2018). Subclinical hypothyroidism in children: is it always subclinical? Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 44(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-018-0462-4
28. Samuels, M. H. (2014). Psychiatric and cognitive manifestations of hypothyroidism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes, 21(5), 377–383. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000089
29. Aijaz, N. J., Flaherty, E. M., Preston, T., Bracken, S. S., Lane, A. H., & Wilson, T. A. (2006). Neurocognitive function in children with compensated hypothyroidism: lack of short term effects on or off thyroxin. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-6-2
30. Tipton, C. M. (2014). The history of “Exercise Is Medicine” in ancient civilizations. Adv Physiol Educ, 38(2), 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00136.2013
31. Billinger, S. A., Boyne, P., Coughenour, E., Dunning, K., & Mattlage, A. (2015). Does Aerobic Exercise and the FITT Principle Fit into Stroke Recovery? Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 15(2), 519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-014-0519-8
32. Tng, E. L. (2016). The debate on treating subclinical hypothyroidism. Singapore Med J, 57(10), 539–545. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2016165
33. McDermott, M. T., & Ridgway, E. C. (2001). Subclinical Hypothyroidism is Mild Thyroid Failure and Should be Treated. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86(10), 4585–4590. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.10.7959
34. Werneck, F. Z., Coelho, E. F., Almas, S. P., Garcia, M. M. do N., Bonfante, H. L. M., Lima, J. R. P. de, Vigário, P. D. S., Mainenti, M. R. M., Teixeira, P. de F. D. S., & Vaisman, M. (2018). Exercise training improves quality of life in women with subclinical hypothyroidism: a randomized clinical trial. Arch Endocrinol Metab, 62(5), 530–536. https://doi.org/10.20945/2359-3997000000073
35. Altaye, K. Z., Mondal, S., Legesse, K., & Abdulkedir, M. (2019). Effects of aerobic exercise on thyroid hormonal change responses among adolescents with intellectual disabilities. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 5(1), e000524. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000524
36. Siswina, T. (2016). Pengaruh stimulasi pendidikan terhadap perkembangan kecerdasan anak usia 3-6 tahun. Jurnal Ilmiah Bidan, 1(2), 27–33.
37. Barker, R. L. (2003). The social work dictionary. NASW press.
38. Morgane, P. J., Austin-LaFrance, R., Bronzino, J., Tonkiss, J., Díaz-Cintra, S., Cintra, L., Kemper, T., & Galler, J. R. (1993). Prenatal malnutrition and development of the brain. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 17(1), 91–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(05)80234-9
39. Etnier, J. L., Wideman, L., Labban, J. D., Piepmeier, A. T., Pendleton, D. M., Dvorak, K. K., & Becofsky, K. (2016). The Effects of Acute Exercise on Memory and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(4), 331–340. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0335
40. Macpherson, H., Teo, W. P., Schneider, L. A., & Smith, A. E. (2017). A life-long approach to physical activity for brain health. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9(MAY). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00147
41. Abdelkarim, O., Ammar, A., Chtourou, H., Wagner, M., Knisel, E., Hökelmann, A., & Bös, K. (2017). Relationship between motor and cognitive learning abilities among primary school-aged children. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 53(4), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajme.2016.12.004
42. Machmudah, & Santy, W. H. (2017). The influence of play therapy in developing the intelligence of school age children with mental retardation. Proceeding of Surabaya International Health Conference, 6, 5–9.
43. Habtemariam, S. (2018). The brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neuronal plasticity and neuroregeneration: new pharmacological concepts for old and new drugs. Neural Regeneration Research, 13(6), 983. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.233438
44. Kowiański, P., Lietzau, G., Czuba, E., Waśkow, M., Steliga, A., & Moryś, J. (2018). BDNF: A key factor with multipotent impact on brain signaling and synaptic plasticity. Cell Mol Neurobiol, 38(3), 579–593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-017-0510-4
45. Autry, A. E., & Monteggia, L. M. (2012). Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Pharmacol Rev, 64(2), 238–258. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.111.005108
46. Whitley, E., Gale, C. R., Deary, I. J., Kivimaki, M., & Batty, G. D. (2011). Association of maternal and paternal IQ with offspring conduct, emotional and attention problem scores: trans-generational evidence from the 1958 {British} birth cohort study. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 68(10), 1032–1038. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.111
2. Nyaradi, A., Li, J., Hickling, S., Foster, J., & Oddy, W. H. (2013). The role of nutrition in children’s neurocognitive development, from pregnancy through childhood. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00097
3. Makharia, A., Nagarajan, A., Mishra, A., Peddisetty, S., Chahal, D., & Singh, Y. (2016). Effect of environmental factors on intelligence quotient of children. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 25(2), 189. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_52_16
4. Pandav, C. S., Yadav, K., Srivastava, R., Pandav, R., & Karmarkar, M. G. (2013). Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) control in India. Indian J Med Res, 138(3), 418–433.
5. Glinoer, D. (2004). The regulation of thyroid function during normal pregnancy: importance of the iodine nutrition status. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 18(2), 133–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2004.03.001
6. Leung, A. M., Pearce, E. N., & Braverman, L. E. (2011). Iodine nutrition in pregnancy and lactation. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 40(4), 765–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2011.08.001
7. Zimmermann, M. B. (2011). The role of iodine in human growth and development. In Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (Vol. 22, Issue 6, pp. 645–652). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.07.009
8. Rapaport, R. (2000). Congenital hypothyroidism: Expanding the spectrum. The Journal of Pediatrics, 136(1), 10–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(00)90041-6
9. Prezioso, G., Giannini, C., & Chiarelli, F. (2018). Effect of Thyroid Hormones on Neurons and Neurodevelopment. Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 90(2), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492129
10. Rovet, J. F. (2014). The Role of Thyroid Hormones for Brain Development and Cognitive Function. In Endocrine Development (Vol. 26, pp. 26–43). S. Karger AG. https://doi.org/10.1159/000363153
11. Wibowo, R. A., Wahyuningrum, S. N., & Hidayat, T. (2015). Profil Genetik Iodotironin Deiodenase dan Status Tiroid pada Wanita Usia Subur Penderita Hipotiroid dan Hipotiroid Subklinik. Media Gizi Mikro Indonesia, 6(2), 133–144.
12. Noor, Z., & Darmawati, I. (2016). Kajian Efek Jalan Cepat terhadap Fungsi Tiroid, Neurogenesis dan Perkembangan Fungsi Otak Anak SD di Daerah Endemik GAKI Kulonprogo Yogyakarta.
13. Bhavani, N. (2011). Transient congenital hypothyroidism. Indian J Endocrinol Metab, 15(Suppl2), S117--S120. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.83345
14. Brent, G. A. (2012). Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 122(9), 3035–3043. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI60047
15. Ciloglu, F., Peker, I., Pehlivan, A., Karacabey, K., İlhan, N., Saygin, O., & Ozmerdivenli, R. (2005). Exercise intensity and its effects on thyroid hormones. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 26(6), 830–834.
16. Bansal, A., Kaushik, A., Singh, C., Sharma, V., & Singh, H. (2015). The effect of regular physical exercise on the thyroid function of treated hypothyroid patients: {An} interventional study at a tertiary care center in {Bastar} region of {India}. Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences, 3(2), 244. https://doi.org/10.4103/2321-4848.171913
17. Shin, M.-S., Ko, I.-G., Kim, S.-E., Kim, B.-K., Kim, T.-S., Lee, S.-H., Hwang, D.-S., Kim, C.-J., Park, J.-K., & Lim, B.-V. (2013). Treadmill exercise ameliorates symptoms of methimazole-induced hypothyroidism through enhancing neurogenesis and suppressing apoptosis in the hippocampus of rat pups. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 31(3), 214–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.01.003
18. Shafiee, S. M., Vafaei, A. A., & Rashidy-Pour, A. (2016). Effects of maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy on learning, memory and hippocampal BDNF in rat pups: Beneficial effects of exercise. Neuroscience, 329, 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.048
19. Park, S.-H., & Song, M. (2016). Effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on spatial learning ability in hypothyroid rats: a pilot study. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(12), 3489–3492. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.3489
20. Ergür, A. T., Taner, Y., Ata, E., Melek, E., Bakar, E. E., & Sancak, T. (2012). Neurocognitive functions in children and adolescents with subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol, 4(1), 21–24. https://doi.org/10.4274/Jcrpe.497
21. Kwak, S.-E., Lee, J.-H., Zhang, D., & Song, W. (2018). Angiogenesis: focusing on the effects of exercise in aging and cancer. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem, 22(3), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.20463/jenb.2018.0020
22. Bloor, C. M. (2005). Angiogenesis during exercise and training. Angiogenesis, 8(3), 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-005-9013-x
23. Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Kulon Progo. (2007). Profl Kesehatan Kabupaten Kulon Progo Tahun 2007. BPS Kabupaten kulonprogo, 2023. Dinkes Kulonprogo.
24. Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Demografi Kabupaten Kulon Progo.
25. Calaciura, F., Motta, R. M., Miscio, G., Fichera, G., Leonardi, D., Carta, A., Trischitta, V., Tassi, V., Sava, L., & Vigneri, R. (2002). Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Early Childhood: A Frequent Outcome of Transient Neonatal Hyperthyrotropinemia. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87(7), 3209–3214. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.7.8662
26. Pearce, M. S., Deary, I. J., Young, A. H., & Parker, L. (2005). Growth in early life and childhood IQ at age 11 years: the Newcastle Thousand Families Study. Int J Epidemiol, 34(3), 673–677. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi038
27. Gallizzi, R., Crisafulli, C., Aversa, T., Salzano, G., De Luca, F., Valenzise, M., & Zirilli, G. (2018). Subclinical hypothyroidism in children: is it always subclinical? Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 44(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-018-0462-4
28. Samuels, M. H. (2014). Psychiatric and cognitive manifestations of hypothyroidism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes, 21(5), 377–383. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000089
29. Aijaz, N. J., Flaherty, E. M., Preston, T., Bracken, S. S., Lane, A. H., & Wilson, T. A. (2006). Neurocognitive function in children with compensated hypothyroidism: lack of short term effects on or off thyroxin. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-6-2
30. Tipton, C. M. (2014). The history of “Exercise Is Medicine” in ancient civilizations. Adv Physiol Educ, 38(2), 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00136.2013
31. Billinger, S. A., Boyne, P., Coughenour, E., Dunning, K., & Mattlage, A. (2015). Does Aerobic Exercise and the FITT Principle Fit into Stroke Recovery? Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 15(2), 519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-014-0519-8
32. Tng, E. L. (2016). The debate on treating subclinical hypothyroidism. Singapore Med J, 57(10), 539–545. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2016165
33. McDermott, M. T., & Ridgway, E. C. (2001). Subclinical Hypothyroidism is Mild Thyroid Failure and Should be Treated. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86(10), 4585–4590. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.10.7959
34. Werneck, F. Z., Coelho, E. F., Almas, S. P., Garcia, M. M. do N., Bonfante, H. L. M., Lima, J. R. P. de, Vigário, P. D. S., Mainenti, M. R. M., Teixeira, P. de F. D. S., & Vaisman, M. (2018). Exercise training improves quality of life in women with subclinical hypothyroidism: a randomized clinical trial. Arch Endocrinol Metab, 62(5), 530–536. https://doi.org/10.20945/2359-3997000000073
35. Altaye, K. Z., Mondal, S., Legesse, K., & Abdulkedir, M. (2019). Effects of aerobic exercise on thyroid hormonal change responses among adolescents with intellectual disabilities. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 5(1), e000524. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000524
36. Siswina, T. (2016). Pengaruh stimulasi pendidikan terhadap perkembangan kecerdasan anak usia 3-6 tahun. Jurnal Ilmiah Bidan, 1(2), 27–33.
37. Barker, R. L. (2003). The social work dictionary. NASW press.
38. Morgane, P. J., Austin-LaFrance, R., Bronzino, J., Tonkiss, J., Díaz-Cintra, S., Cintra, L., Kemper, T., & Galler, J. R. (1993). Prenatal malnutrition and development of the brain. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 17(1), 91–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(05)80234-9
39. Etnier, J. L., Wideman, L., Labban, J. D., Piepmeier, A. T., Pendleton, D. M., Dvorak, K. K., & Becofsky, K. (2016). The Effects of Acute Exercise on Memory and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(4), 331–340. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0335
40. Macpherson, H., Teo, W. P., Schneider, L. A., & Smith, A. E. (2017). A life-long approach to physical activity for brain health. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9(MAY). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00147
41. Abdelkarim, O., Ammar, A., Chtourou, H., Wagner, M., Knisel, E., Hökelmann, A., & Bös, K. (2017). Relationship between motor and cognitive learning abilities among primary school-aged children. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 53(4), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajme.2016.12.004
42. Machmudah, & Santy, W. H. (2017). The influence of play therapy in developing the intelligence of school age children with mental retardation. Proceeding of Surabaya International Health Conference, 6, 5–9.
43. Habtemariam, S. (2018). The brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neuronal plasticity and neuroregeneration: new pharmacological concepts for old and new drugs. Neural Regeneration Research, 13(6), 983. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.233438
44. Kowiański, P., Lietzau, G., Czuba, E., Waśkow, M., Steliga, A., & Moryś, J. (2018). BDNF: A key factor with multipotent impact on brain signaling and synaptic plasticity. Cell Mol Neurobiol, 38(3), 579–593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-017-0510-4
45. Autry, A. E., & Monteggia, L. M. (2012). Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Pharmacol Rev, 64(2), 238–258. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.111.005108
46. Whitley, E., Gale, C. R., Deary, I. J., Kivimaki, M., & Batty, G. D. (2011). Association of maternal and paternal IQ with offspring conduct, emotional and attention problem scores: trans-generational evidence from the 1958 {British} birth cohort study. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 68(10), 1032–1038. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.111