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Abstract
Introduction: Diarrhea remains a global health issue, particularly in vulnerable groups. Guava leaf (Psidium guajava) decoction is widely recognized in traditional medicine for treating diarrhea. Self-efficacy refers to belief in one's ability to apply knowledge in practice, crucial in health contexts. College students were selected as the population due to their potential as future health change agents who can integrate traditional practices into modern healthcare.
Objective: This study aimed to assess the self-efficacy of Padjadjaran University students in using guava leaf decoction to manage diarrhea.
Method: A descriptive quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted. The sample included 113 students selected through purposive sampling. The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), a standardized tool for measuring belief in one's ability to manage various situations, assessed students' confidence in traditional treatments. Data were collected via Google Forms and analyzed using univariate descriptive statistics.
Results: Most students (54.9%) showed low self-efficacy in using guava leaf decoction for diarrhea treatment.
Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for educational institutions to strengthen health education by incorporating evidence-based traditional medicine into academic curricula. This can be achieved through complementary nursing courses and awareness initiatives that promote informed, safe use of natural remedies like guava leaf decoction
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Lantang, R. N. A., Setyorini, D., & Hernawaty, T. (2025). Self-Efficacy of Padjadjaran University Students in Utilizing Guava Leaf Decoction Water for Diarrhea . Basic and Applied Nursing Research Journal, 6(1), 20-30. https://doi.org/10.11594/banrj.06.01.03
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3. Yusiana, M. A., Kurniajati, S., Kristanti, E. E., & Sari, D. A. K. W. (2022). Personal Hygiene Skills are Not Related to Infections in School-Age Children. Babali Nursing Research, 3(2), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.37363/bnr.2022.3280
4. Khaliq, A., Amreen, Jameel, N., & Krauth, S. J. (2022). Knowledge and Practices on the Prevention and Management of Diarrhea in Children Under-2 Years Among Women Dwelling in Urban Slums of Karachi, Pakistan. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 26(7), 1442–1452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-022-03391-9
5. Finanda, V., Qowiyyah, A., & Sukandar, E. Y. (2022). REVIEW: HERBAL UNTUK PENANGANAN DIARE (Herbs for Treating Diarrhea: Review).
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7. Lisnawati, K., Wati, N. M. N., Ni Luh Putu Thrisna Dewi, & A.A Sri Sanjiwani. (2024). Combinination Essential Ginger Oil and Acupressure Relaxation Techniques to Nausea and Vomiting. Basic and Applied Nursing Research Journal, 5(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.11594/banrj.05.01.04
8. Andarwulan, S., Waroh, Y. K., & Hubaedah, A. (2023). The Effectiveness of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Nardus) Aromatherapy on the Level of Labor Pain in the Active Phase 1. Basic and Applied Nursing Research Journal, 4(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.11594/banrj.04.01.05
9. Juanamasta, I. G., Aungsuroch, Y., Gunawan, J., Suniyadewi, N. W., & Nopita Wati, N. M. (2021). Holistic Care Management of Diabetes Mellitus: An Integrative Review. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12, 69. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_402_20
10. BRIN - National Research and Innovation Agency. (2025). Research results reveal traditional medicine is the choice of modern urban society. https://www.brin.go.id/news/112284/hasil-riset-ungkap-pengobatan-tradisional-jadi-pilihan-masyarakat-urban-modern.
11. Riskesdas. (2018). Laporan Riskesdas 2018 Nasional.pdf. In Lembaga Penerbit Balitbangkes (p. 226). Badan Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kesehatan.
12. Hartono, & Darmaningrum, C. P. (2021). Effectiveness between Salam Leaf Booking Water and Red Ginger Towards Reducing Acid Levels in Patients of Gout Arthritis. Basic and Applied Nursing Research Journal, 2(1), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.11594/banrj.02.01.02
13. Zhang, C., Huang, Y., Li, P., Chen, X., Liu, F., & Hou, Q. (2020). Ginger relieves intestinal hypersensitivity of diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome by inhibiting proinflammatory reaction. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 20(1), 279. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-03059-3
14. Yuan, H., Ma, Q., Ye, L., & Piao, G. (2016). The Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine from Natural Products. Molecules, 21(5), 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050559
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16. Sarmin, M., Hossain, M. I., Islam, S. Bin, Alam, N. H., Sarker, S. A., Islam, M. M., Chisti, M. J., Islam, S. M. R., Mahfuz, M., & Ahmed, T. (2020). Efficacy of a Green Banana–Mixed Diet in the Management of Persistent Diarrhea: Protocol for an Open-Labeled, Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Research Protocols, 9(3), e15759. https://doi.org/10.2196/15759
17. Mujahid, I., Mulyanto, A., & Khasanah, T. U. (2019). The effectiveness of coconut water in inhibiting shigella sp. bacteria from diarrhea. MEDISAINS, 17(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.30595/medisains.v17i1.3796
18. Liu, C., Jullian, V., & Chassagne, F. (2024). Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and biological activities of Psidium guajava in the treatment of diarrhea: a review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1459066
19. Rohama, R., Febriani, A., Khairunnisa, A. F., Mawarid, M. T. F., & Deviani, N. (2024). Literature Review: Guava Leaves (Psidium Guajava) for Treating Diarrhea. PROMOTOR, 7(5), 675–678. https://doi.org/10.32832/pro.v7i5.835
20. Aizah, S., Risnasari, N., & Listyawati, N. (2022). Efektivitas Penggunaan Rebusan Tumbukan Daun Jambu Biji Untuk Menurunkan Frekuensi Diare Pada Anak. Jurnal EDUNursing, 6(1), 20–24.
21. Jayadi, F., Akbar, M. R., & Nuraeni, A. (2022). Effectiveness of Blended Learning with Flipped Classroom Method on the Knowledge Level and Self Efficacy among Nurses During the Basic Life Support Course. Babali Nursing Research, 3(3), 344–353. https://doi.org/10.37363/bnr.2022.33203
22. Ni Luh Seri Astuti, Dewi, T. P., Saifudin, I. M. M. Y., Putra, I. G. K. A. D., & Antari, N. K. J. (2023). The Effect of Role Play and Audio-Visual Interventions Based on Local Wisdom in Enhancing Disaster Preparedness Behavior among Elementary Schoolchildren. Babali Nursing Research, 4(4), 677–689. https://doi.org/10.37363/bnr.2023.44288
23. Sipollo, B. V., Sugiyanto, & Vinsur, E. Y. Y. (2023). The Effect of Traditional Jamu with Polyphenol-Rich Mixture Content on Cholesterol Levels in the Elderly with Coronary Heart Disease. Babali Nursing Research, 4(4), 651–663. https://doi.org/10.37363/bnr.2023.44283
24. Wistiani, N. M. D., Puspawati, N. L. P. D., & Pamungkas, M. A. (2022). Self-Efficiency and Quality of Life Coronary Heart Disease Patients: A descriptive study. Basic and Applied Nursing Research Journal, 3(2), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.11594/banrj.03.02.04
25. Wahyuni, S., Prabandari, Y. S., Julia, M., & Hakimi, M. (2024). Prenatal breastfeeding education (PBE) and breastfeeding counseling (BC) influence the prenatal exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) preparation. Basic and Applied Nursing Research Journal, 4(2), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.11594/banrj.04.02.09
26. Alharbi, K., Bakarman, S. S., Syed, W., & Bashatah, A. (2024). Assessment of Undergraduate Nursing Students\’ Understanding of Herbal Medicines and Herb-Drug Interactions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Medical Science Monitor, 30. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.944352
27. Amir-Behghadami, M., & Sadeghi-Bazarghani, H. (2021). Why and how to apply exploratory sequential mixed methods in health-related psychometric research. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, bmjspcare-2021-003170. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003170
28. Novrianto, R., Marettih, A. K. E., & Wahyudi, H. (2019). Validitas Konstruk Instrumen General Self Efficacy Scale Versi Indonesia. Jurnal Psikologi, 15(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.24014/jp.v15i1.6943
29. Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The General Self-Efficacy Scale: Multicultural Validation Studies. The Journal of Psychology, 139(5), 439–457. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.139.5.439-457
30. Bandura. (2012). Cultivate Self Efficacy for Personal and Organizational Effectiveness. Cambridge University Press.
31. Syidad, A. W., Ilmiyah, B., Sofi, N., & Amin, S. (2024). The Effect of Social Support and Self-Efficacy on Learning Outcomes. SOSEARCH: Social Science Educational Research, 5(1), 18–29.
32. Opoku, J. K., Addai-Mensah, P., & Wiafe, F. (2013). Traditional and modern medicine: a survey of views on its integration in Ghana. Medicine, 4(2), 256–257.
33. Almech, M., Alissa, A., Baghdadi, R., Abujamai, J., Hafiz, W., Alwafi, H., Shaikhomer, M., Alshanberi, A., Alshareef, M., & Alsanosi, S. (2024). Medical Students’ Knowledge and Perceptions of Herbal Medicine in Saudi Arabia: Should Medical Schools Take Immediate Action? Advances in Medical Education and Practice, Volume 15, 1243–1253. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S497642
34. Takawira, N. (2024). Examining the mediating role of support resources in the self-efficacy and career satisfaction relationship among professional women in a developing economy. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 34(2), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2024.2340926
35. Cholankeril, R., Xiang, E., & Badr, H. (2023). Gender Differences in Coping and Psychological Adaptation during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020993
36. Marques, B., Freeman, C., & Carter, L. (2021). Adapting Traditional Healing Values and Beliefs into Therapeutic Cultural Environments for Health and Well-Being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010426
37. Safrizal, H. B. A., Indriyani, R., & da Costa, C. A. de J. (2024). THE INFLUENCE OF KNOWLEDGE SELF-EFFICACY AND PERSONALITY ON KNOWLEDGE SHARING WITH TRUST AS MEDIATOR. JURNAL EKBIS, 25(2).
38. Nuryani, S. N. A., Arnyana, I. B. P., Parwati, N. N., Dantes, G. R., & Juanamasta, I. G. (2022). Benefits and Challenges of Clinical Nurse Educator Roles: A Qualitative Exploratory Study. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(G), 38–44. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.7706
39. Nuryani, S. N. A., Arnyana, I. B. P., Parwati, N. N., Dantes, G. R., & Juanamasta, I. G. (2022). Development of blended learning model integrated nursing leadership training using web-based in Indonesia. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 11(1), 222.
40. Nuryani, S. N. A., Wati, N. M. N., & Juanamasta, I. G. (2020). Nursing grand rounds (NGRS) regularly to encourage continuing professional development (CPD) achievement of nurses. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 14(4), 1616–1618.
41. Bandura, A. (1998). Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory. Psychology & Health, 13(4), 623–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449808407422
42. Mulu, M., Iku, P. F., Lazar, F. L., & Jediut, M. (2023). Self Efficacy: A View from Junior High School Students and Its Gender Interaction. Journal of Educational Science and Technology (EST), 9(2), 150. https://doi.org/10.26858/est.v9i1.48373
43. Kawi, J., Fudolig, M., Serafica, R., Reyes, A. T., Sy, F., Leyva, E. W. A., & Evangelista, L. S. (2024). Health information sources and health‐seeking behaviours of Filipinos living in medically underserved communities: Empirical quantitative research. Nursing Open, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.2140
44. Kristianto, H., Pramesona, B. A., Rosyad, Y. S., Andriani, L., Putri, T. A. R. K., & Rias, Y. A. (2022). The effects of beliefs, knowledge, and attitude on herbal medicine use during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey in Indonesia. F1000Research, 11, 483. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.116496.1
45. Yong, M. Q. Y., Yeo, Y., & Shorey, S. (2023). Factors affecting unintended pregnancy resolution from the perspectives of pregnant women and people: A systematic review of qualitative evidence. Midwifery, 127, 103866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2023.103866
2. Gea, G. V. I., Adisanjaya, N. N., & Diaris, N. M. (2023). Pemetaan Kasus Diare Pada Balita Dengan Menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis Di Kota Denpasar Tahun 2022. Bali Health Published Journal, 5(2), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.47859/bhpj.v5i2.337
3. Yusiana, M. A., Kurniajati, S., Kristanti, E. E., & Sari, D. A. K. W. (2022). Personal Hygiene Skills are Not Related to Infections in School-Age Children. Babali Nursing Research, 3(2), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.37363/bnr.2022.3280
4. Khaliq, A., Amreen, Jameel, N., & Krauth, S. J. (2022). Knowledge and Practices on the Prevention and Management of Diarrhea in Children Under-2 Years Among Women Dwelling in Urban Slums of Karachi, Pakistan. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 26(7), 1442–1452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-022-03391-9
5. Finanda, V., Qowiyyah, A., & Sukandar, E. Y. (2022). REVIEW: HERBAL UNTUK PENANGANAN DIARE (Herbs for Treating Diarrhea: Review).
6. Rahmawati, R., Putri, Y. H., Ramadhani, J. S., Hanuun, A., & Pebiani, T. (2022). Penyuluhan Penggunaan Oralit Pada Diare Anak dan Demo Cuci Tangan yang Baik dan Benar. To Maega : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 5(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.35914/tomaega.v5i1.956
7. Lisnawati, K., Wati, N. M. N., Ni Luh Putu Thrisna Dewi, & A.A Sri Sanjiwani. (2024). Combinination Essential Ginger Oil and Acupressure Relaxation Techniques to Nausea and Vomiting. Basic and Applied Nursing Research Journal, 5(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.11594/banrj.05.01.04
8. Andarwulan, S., Waroh, Y. K., & Hubaedah, A. (2023). The Effectiveness of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Nardus) Aromatherapy on the Level of Labor Pain in the Active Phase 1. Basic and Applied Nursing Research Journal, 4(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.11594/banrj.04.01.05
9. Juanamasta, I. G., Aungsuroch, Y., Gunawan, J., Suniyadewi, N. W., & Nopita Wati, N. M. (2021). Holistic Care Management of Diabetes Mellitus: An Integrative Review. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12, 69. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_402_20
10. BRIN - National Research and Innovation Agency. (2025). Research results reveal traditional medicine is the choice of modern urban society. https://www.brin.go.id/news/112284/hasil-riset-ungkap-pengobatan-tradisional-jadi-pilihan-masyarakat-urban-modern.
11. Riskesdas. (2018). Laporan Riskesdas 2018 Nasional.pdf. In Lembaga Penerbit Balitbangkes (p. 226). Badan Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kesehatan.
12. Hartono, & Darmaningrum, C. P. (2021). Effectiveness between Salam Leaf Booking Water and Red Ginger Towards Reducing Acid Levels in Patients of Gout Arthritis. Basic and Applied Nursing Research Journal, 2(1), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.11594/banrj.02.01.02
13. Zhang, C., Huang, Y., Li, P., Chen, X., Liu, F., & Hou, Q. (2020). Ginger relieves intestinal hypersensitivity of diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome by inhibiting proinflammatory reaction. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 20(1), 279. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-03059-3
14. Yuan, H., Ma, Q., Ye, L., & Piao, G. (2016). The Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine from Natural Products. Molecules, 21(5), 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050559
15. Djuanda, R., Helmika, V. A., Christabella, F., Pranata, N., & Sugiaman, V. K. (2019). Potensi Herbal Antibakteri Cuka Sari Apel terhadap Enterococcus faecalis sebagai Bahan Irigasi Saluran Akar. SONDE (Sound of Dentistry), 4(2), 24–40. https://doi.org/10.28932/sod.v4i2.2141
16. Sarmin, M., Hossain, M. I., Islam, S. Bin, Alam, N. H., Sarker, S. A., Islam, M. M., Chisti, M. J., Islam, S. M. R., Mahfuz, M., & Ahmed, T. (2020). Efficacy of a Green Banana–Mixed Diet in the Management of Persistent Diarrhea: Protocol for an Open-Labeled, Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Research Protocols, 9(3), e15759. https://doi.org/10.2196/15759
17. Mujahid, I., Mulyanto, A., & Khasanah, T. U. (2019). The effectiveness of coconut water in inhibiting shigella sp. bacteria from diarrhea. MEDISAINS, 17(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.30595/medisains.v17i1.3796
18. Liu, C., Jullian, V., & Chassagne, F. (2024). Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and biological activities of Psidium guajava in the treatment of diarrhea: a review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1459066
19. Rohama, R., Febriani, A., Khairunnisa, A. F., Mawarid, M. T. F., & Deviani, N. (2024). Literature Review: Guava Leaves (Psidium Guajava) for Treating Diarrhea. PROMOTOR, 7(5), 675–678. https://doi.org/10.32832/pro.v7i5.835
20. Aizah, S., Risnasari, N., & Listyawati, N. (2022). Efektivitas Penggunaan Rebusan Tumbukan Daun Jambu Biji Untuk Menurunkan Frekuensi Diare Pada Anak. Jurnal EDUNursing, 6(1), 20–24.
21. Jayadi, F., Akbar, M. R., & Nuraeni, A. (2022). Effectiveness of Blended Learning with Flipped Classroom Method on the Knowledge Level and Self Efficacy among Nurses During the Basic Life Support Course. Babali Nursing Research, 3(3), 344–353. https://doi.org/10.37363/bnr.2022.33203
22. Ni Luh Seri Astuti, Dewi, T. P., Saifudin, I. M. M. Y., Putra, I. G. K. A. D., & Antari, N. K. J. (2023). The Effect of Role Play and Audio-Visual Interventions Based on Local Wisdom in Enhancing Disaster Preparedness Behavior among Elementary Schoolchildren. Babali Nursing Research, 4(4), 677–689. https://doi.org/10.37363/bnr.2023.44288
23. Sipollo, B. V., Sugiyanto, & Vinsur, E. Y. Y. (2023). The Effect of Traditional Jamu with Polyphenol-Rich Mixture Content on Cholesterol Levels in the Elderly with Coronary Heart Disease. Babali Nursing Research, 4(4), 651–663. https://doi.org/10.37363/bnr.2023.44283
24. Wistiani, N. M. D., Puspawati, N. L. P. D., & Pamungkas, M. A. (2022). Self-Efficiency and Quality of Life Coronary Heart Disease Patients: A descriptive study. Basic and Applied Nursing Research Journal, 3(2), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.11594/banrj.03.02.04
25. Wahyuni, S., Prabandari, Y. S., Julia, M., & Hakimi, M. (2024). Prenatal breastfeeding education (PBE) and breastfeeding counseling (BC) influence the prenatal exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) preparation. Basic and Applied Nursing Research Journal, 4(2), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.11594/banrj.04.02.09
26. Alharbi, K., Bakarman, S. S., Syed, W., & Bashatah, A. (2024). Assessment of Undergraduate Nursing Students\’ Understanding of Herbal Medicines and Herb-Drug Interactions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Medical Science Monitor, 30. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.944352
27. Amir-Behghadami, M., & Sadeghi-Bazarghani, H. (2021). Why and how to apply exploratory sequential mixed methods in health-related psychometric research. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, bmjspcare-2021-003170. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003170
28. Novrianto, R., Marettih, A. K. E., & Wahyudi, H. (2019). Validitas Konstruk Instrumen General Self Efficacy Scale Versi Indonesia. Jurnal Psikologi, 15(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.24014/jp.v15i1.6943
29. Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The General Self-Efficacy Scale: Multicultural Validation Studies. The Journal of Psychology, 139(5), 439–457. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.139.5.439-457
30. Bandura. (2012). Cultivate Self Efficacy for Personal and Organizational Effectiveness. Cambridge University Press.
31. Syidad, A. W., Ilmiyah, B., Sofi, N., & Amin, S. (2024). The Effect of Social Support and Self-Efficacy on Learning Outcomes. SOSEARCH: Social Science Educational Research, 5(1), 18–29.
32. Opoku, J. K., Addai-Mensah, P., & Wiafe, F. (2013). Traditional and modern medicine: a survey of views on its integration in Ghana. Medicine, 4(2), 256–257.
33. Almech, M., Alissa, A., Baghdadi, R., Abujamai, J., Hafiz, W., Alwafi, H., Shaikhomer, M., Alshanberi, A., Alshareef, M., & Alsanosi, S. (2024). Medical Students’ Knowledge and Perceptions of Herbal Medicine in Saudi Arabia: Should Medical Schools Take Immediate Action? Advances in Medical Education and Practice, Volume 15, 1243–1253. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S497642
34. Takawira, N. (2024). Examining the mediating role of support resources in the self-efficacy and career satisfaction relationship among professional women in a developing economy. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 34(2), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2024.2340926
35. Cholankeril, R., Xiang, E., & Badr, H. (2023). Gender Differences in Coping and Psychological Adaptation during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020993
36. Marques, B., Freeman, C., & Carter, L. (2021). Adapting Traditional Healing Values and Beliefs into Therapeutic Cultural Environments for Health and Well-Being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010426
37. Safrizal, H. B. A., Indriyani, R., & da Costa, C. A. de J. (2024). THE INFLUENCE OF KNOWLEDGE SELF-EFFICACY AND PERSONALITY ON KNOWLEDGE SHARING WITH TRUST AS MEDIATOR. JURNAL EKBIS, 25(2).
38. Nuryani, S. N. A., Arnyana, I. B. P., Parwati, N. N., Dantes, G. R., & Juanamasta, I. G. (2022). Benefits and Challenges of Clinical Nurse Educator Roles: A Qualitative Exploratory Study. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(G), 38–44. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.7706
39. Nuryani, S. N. A., Arnyana, I. B. P., Parwati, N. N., Dantes, G. R., & Juanamasta, I. G. (2022). Development of blended learning model integrated nursing leadership training using web-based in Indonesia. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 11(1), 222.
40. Nuryani, S. N. A., Wati, N. M. N., & Juanamasta, I. G. (2020). Nursing grand rounds (NGRS) regularly to encourage continuing professional development (CPD) achievement of nurses. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 14(4), 1616–1618.
41. Bandura, A. (1998). Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory. Psychology & Health, 13(4), 623–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449808407422
42. Mulu, M., Iku, P. F., Lazar, F. L., & Jediut, M. (2023). Self Efficacy: A View from Junior High School Students and Its Gender Interaction. Journal of Educational Science and Technology (EST), 9(2), 150. https://doi.org/10.26858/est.v9i1.48373
43. Kawi, J., Fudolig, M., Serafica, R., Reyes, A. T., Sy, F., Leyva, E. W. A., & Evangelista, L. S. (2024). Health information sources and health‐seeking behaviours of Filipinos living in medically underserved communities: Empirical quantitative research. Nursing Open, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.2140
44. Kristianto, H., Pramesona, B. A., Rosyad, Y. S., Andriani, L., Putri, T. A. R. K., & Rias, Y. A. (2022). The effects of beliefs, knowledge, and attitude on herbal medicine use during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey in Indonesia. F1000Research, 11, 483. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.116496.1
45. Yong, M. Q. Y., Yeo, Y., & Shorey, S. (2023). Factors affecting unintended pregnancy resolution from the perspectives of pregnant women and people: A systematic review of qualitative evidence. Midwifery, 127, 103866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2023.103866